Timeline of Volcanism

Here is much information and many links, that provide data about the Timeline of Volcanism on the Earth. If you look at the material, it will help you understand the overall concept of the Great Tribulation Period and how it will consist of Volcanic Activity on a Global Scale.

From:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_volcanism_on_Earth

This timeline of volcanism on Earth includes a list of major volcanic eruptions of approximately at least magnitude 6 on the Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) or equivalent sulfur dioxide emission during the Quaternary period (from 2.58 Mya to the present). Other volcanic eruptions are also listed.

Some eruptions cooled the global climate—inducing a volcanic winter—depending on the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted and the magnitude of the eruption.^[1][2] Before the present Holocene epoch, the criteria are less strict because of scarce data availability, partly since later eruptions have destroyed the evidence. Only some eruptions before the Neogene period (from 23 Mya to 2.58 Mya) are listed. Known large eruptions after the Paleogene period (from 66 Mya to 23 Mya) are listed, especially those relating to the Yellowstone hotspot, Santorini caldera, and the Taupō Volcanic Zone.

Active volcanoes such as Stromboli, Mount Etna and Kīlauea do not appear on this list, but some back-arc basin volcanoes that generated calderas do appear. Some dangerous volcanoes in “populated areas” appear many times: Santorini six times, and Yellowstone hotspot 21 times. The Bismarck volcanic arc, New Britain, and the Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, appear often too.

In addition to the events listed below, there are many examples of eruptions in the Holocene on the Kamchatka Peninsula,^[3] which are described in a supplemental table by Peter Ward.^[4]

Large Quaternary eruptions

The Holocene epoch begins 11,700 years BP (10,000 ¹⁴C years ago).^[5]

1000–2000 AD

• Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines; 1991, June 15; VEI 6; 6 to 16 km³ (1.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra;^[6] an estimated 20,000,000 tonnes (22,000,000 short tons) of SO
  ₂ were emitted^[2]
• Novarupta, Alaska Peninsula; 1912, June 6; VEI 6; 13 to 15 km³ (3.1 to 3.6 cu mi) of lava^[7][8][9]
• Santa Maria, Guatemala; 1902, October 24; VEI 6; 20 km³ (4.8 cu mi) of tephra^[10]
• Krakatoa, Indonesia; 1883, August 26–27; VEI 6; 21 km³ (5.0 cu mi) of tephra^[11]
• Mount Tambora, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia; 1815, Apr 10; VEI 7; 160–213 km³ (38–51 cu mi) of tephra;^[12][6] an estimated 200,000,000 t (220,000,000 short tons) of SO
  ₂ were emitted, produced the “Year Without a Summer“^[13]
• 1808 mystery eruption, VEI 6–7; discovered from ice cores in the 1980s.^[14][15][16]
• Grímsvötn, Northeastern Iceland; 1783–1785; Laki; 1783–1784; VEI 2; 14 km³ (3.4 cu mi) of lava, an estimated 120,000,000 t (130,000,000 short tons) of SO
  ₂ were emitted, produced a Volcanic winter, 1783, on the North Hemisphere.^[17][18]
• Long Island (Papua New Guinea), Northeast of New Guinea; 1660 ±20; VEI 6; 30 km³ (7.2 cu mi) of tephra^[6]
• Huaynaputina, Peru; 1600, February 19; VEI 6; 30 km³ (7.2 cu mi) of tephra^[19]
• Billy Mitchell, Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea; 1580 ±20; VEI 6; 14 km³ (3.4 cu mi) of tephra^[6]
• Bárðarbunga, Northeastern Iceland; 1477; VEI 6; 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) of tephra^[6]
• 1465 mystery eruption “the location of this eruption is uncertain, as it has only been identified from distant ice core records and atmospheric events around the time of King Alfonso II of Naples‘s wedding; it is believed to have been VEI 7 and possibly even larger than Mount Tambora‘s in 1815.^[20][21]
• 1452/1453 mystery eruption in the New Hebrides arc, Vanuatu; the location of this eruption in the South Pacific is uncertain, as it has been identified from distant ice core records; the only pyroclastic flows are found at Kuwae; 36 to 96 km³ (8.6 to 23.0 cu mi) of tephra; 175,000,000–700,000,000 t (193,000,000–772,000,000 short tons) of sulfuric acid^[22][23][24]
• 1280(?) in Quilotoa, Ecuador; VEI 6; 21 km³ (5.0 cu mi) of tephra^[6]
• 1257 Samalas eruption, Rinjani volcanic complex, Lombok Island, Indonesia; 40 km³ (dense-rock equivalent) of tephra, Arctic and Antarctic Ice cores provide compelling evidence to link the ice core sulfate spike of 1258/1259 A.D. to this volcano.^[25][26]

Overview of Common Era

This is a sortable summary of 27 major eruptions in the last 2000 years with VEI ≥6, implying an average of about 1.3 per century. The count does not include the notable VEI 5 eruptions of Mount St. Helens and Mount Vesuvius. Date uncertainties, tephra volumes, and references are also not included.

Caldera/ Eruption name	Volcanic arc/ belt or Subregion or Hotspot	VEI	Date	Known/proposed consequences
Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	6	1991, Jun 15	Global temperature fell by 0.4 °C
Novarupta	Aleutian Range	6	1912, Jun 6
Santa María	Central America Volcanic Arc	6	1902, Oct 24
Krakatoa	Sunda Arc	6	1883, Aug 26–27	At least 30,000 dead
Mount Tambora	Lesser Sunda Islands	7	1815, Apr 10	Year Without a Summer (1816)
1808 mystery eruption	Southwestern Pacific Ocean	6	1808, Dec	A sulfate spike in ice cores
Long Island (Papua New Guinea)	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	6	1660
Huaynaputina	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	6	1600, Feb 19	Russian famine of 1601–1603
Billy Mitchell	Bougainville & Solomon Is.	6	1580
Bárðarbunga	Iceland	6	1477
1458 mystery eruption	unknown	6-7	1458	Possibly larger than Mount Tambora‘s
1452/1453 mystery eruption	Unknown	6-7	1452–53	2nd pulse[27] of Little Ice Age?
Quilotoa	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	6	1280
Samalas (Mount Rinjani)	Lombok, Lesser Sunda Islands	7	1257	1257 Samalas eruption, 1st pulse[28][29] of Little Ice Age? (c.1250)
Baekdu Mountain/Tianchi eruption	China/ North Korea border	7	946, Nov-947	Limited regional climatic effects.[30]
Ceboruco	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	6	930
Dakataua	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	6	800
Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	6	710
Mount Churchill	eastern Alaska, USA	6	700
Rabaul caldera	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	6	683 (est.)
Volcanic winter of 536	Krakatoa	6-7	535
Ilopango	Central America Volcanic Arc	6	450
Ksudach	Kamchatka Peninsula	6	240
Taupō Caldera/Hatepe eruption	Taupō Volcano	7	180 or 230	Affected skies over Rome and China
Mount Churchill	eastern Alaska, USA	6	60
Ambrym	New Hebrides Arc	6	50
Apoyeque	Central America Volcanic Arc	6	50 BC (±100)

Note: Caldera names tend to change over time. For example, Ōkataina Caldera, Haroharo Caldera, Haroharo volcanic complex, and Tarawera volcanic complex all had the same magma source in the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Yellowstone Caldera, Henry’s Fork Caldera, Island Park Caldera, Heise Volcanic Field all had Yellowstone hotspot as magma source.

Earlier Quaternary eruptions

2.588 ± 0.005 million years BP, the Quaternary period and Pleistocene epoch begin.

• Eifel hotspot, Laacher See, Vulkan Eifel, Germany; 12.9 ka; VEI 6; 6 cubic kilometers (1.4 cu mi) of tephra.^{[31][32][33][34]}
• Emmons Lake Caldera (size: 11 x 18 km), Aleutian Range, 17 ka ±5; more than 50 km³ (12 cu mi) of tephra.^[4]
• Lake Barrine, Atherton Tableland, North Queensland, Australia; was formed over 17 ka.
• Menengai, East African Rift, Kenya; 29 ka^[6]
• Morne Diablotins, Commonwealth of Dominica; VEI 6; 30 ka (Grand Savanne Ignimbrite).^[35]
• Phlegraean Fields, Italy; VEI 7; 40 ka (Campanian Ignimbrite eruption).
• Kurile Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia; Golygin eruption; about 41.5 ka; VEI 7^[6]
• Maninjau Caldera (size: 20 x 8 km), West Sumatra; VEI 7; around 52 ka; 220 to 250 cubic kilometers (52.8 to 60.0 cu mi) of tephra.^[36]
• Lake Toba (size: 100 x 30 km), Sumatra, Indonesia; VEI 8; 73 ka ±4; 2,500 to 3,000 cubic kilometers (599.8 to 719.7 cu mi) of tephra; probably six gigatons of sulfur dioxide were emitted (Youngest Toba Tuff).^{[2][37][38][39][40]}
• Atitlán Caldera (size: 17 x 20 km), Guatemalan Highlands; Los Chocoyos eruption; formed in an eruption 84 ka; VEI 7; 300 km³ (72 cu mi) of tephra.^[41]
• Mount Aso (size: 24 km wide), island of Kyūshū, Japan; 90 ka; last eruption was more than 600 cubic kilometers (144 cu mi) of tephra.^[4][42]
• Sierra la Primavera volcanic complex (size: 11 km wide), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; 95 ka; 20 cubic kilometers (5 cu mi) of Tala Tuff.^[4][43]
• Mount Aso (size: 24 km wide), island of Kyūshū, Japan; 120 ka; 80 km³ (19 cu mi) of tephra.^[4]
• Mount Aso (size: 24 km wide), island of Kyūshū, Japan; 140 ka; 80 km³ (19 cu mi) of tephra.^[4]
• Puy de Sancy, Massif Central, central France; it is part of an ancient stratovolcano which has been inactive for about 220,000 years.
• Emmons Lake Caldera (size: 11 x 18 km), Aleutian Range, 233 ka; more than 50 km³ (12 cu mi) of tephra.^[4]
• Mount Aso (size: 24 km wide), island of Kyūshū, Japan; caldera formed as a result of four huge caldera eruptions; 270 ka; 80 cubic kilometers (19 cu mi) of tephra.^[4]
• Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas (size: 9 x 18 km), Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia; 325–175 ka^[44] 20 km³ (4.8 cu mi) of ignimbrite deposits.^[45]
• Diamante Caldera–Maipo volcano complex (size: 20 x 16 km), Argentina-Chile; 450 ka; 450 cubic kilometers (108 cu mi) of tephra.^[4][46]
• Yellowstone hotspot; Yellowstone Caldera (size: 45 x 85 km); 640 ka; VEI 8; more than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cu mi) of tephra (Lava Creek Tuff)^[6]
• Three Sisters (Oregon), USA; Tumalo volcanic center; with eruptions from 600–700 to 170 ka years ago
• Uinkaret volcanic field, Arizona, USA; the Colorado River was dammed by lava flows multiple times from 725 to 100 ka.^[47]
• Mono County, California, USA; Long Valley Caldera; 758.9 ka ±1.8; VEI 7; 600 cubic kilometers (144 cu mi) of Bishop Tuff.^[4][48]
• Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; 1.25 Ma; VEI 7; around 600 cubic kilometers (144 cu mi) of the Tshirege Member (Upper Bandelier Tuff) eruption.^{[4][49][50][51]}
• Sutter Buttes, Central Valley of California, USA; were formed over 1.5 Ma by a now-extinct volcano.
• Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; 1.61 Ma; VEI 7; over 500 cubic kilometers (120 cu mi) of the Otowi Member (Lower Bandelier Tuff) eruption.^[51]
• Ebisutoge-Fukuda tephras, Japan; 1.75 Ma; 380 to 490 cubic kilometers (91.2 to 117.6 cu mi) of tephra.^[4]
• Yellowstone hotspot; Island Park Caldera (size: 100 x 50 km); 2.1 Ma; VEI 8; 2,450 cubic kilometers (588 cu mi) of Huckleberry Ridge Tuff.^[4][6]
• Cerro Galán (size: 32 km wide), Catamarca Province, northwestern Argentina; 2.2 Ma; VEI 8; 1,050 cubic kilometers (252 cu mi) of Cerro Galán Ignimbrite.^[52]

Large Neogene eruptions

Pliocene eruptions

Approximately 5.332 million years BP, the Pliocene epoch begins. Most eruptions before the Quaternary period have an unknown VEI.

• Boring Lava Field, Boring, Oregon, USA; the zone became active at least 2.7 Ma, and has been extinct for about 300,000 years.^[53]
• Norfolk Island, Australia; remnant of a basaltic volcano active around 2.3 to 3 Ma.^[54]
• Pastos Grandes Caldera (size: 40 x 50 km), Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex, Bolivia; 2.9 Ma; VEI 7; more than 820 cubic kilometers (197 cu mi) of Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite.^[55]
• Little Barrier Island, northeastern coast of New Zealand‘s North Island; it erupted from 1 million to 3 Ma.^[56]
• Mount Kenya; a stratovolcano created approximately 3 Ma after the opening of the East African rift.^[57]
• Pacana Caldera (size: 60 x 35 km), Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, northern Chile; 4 Ma; VEI 8; 2,500 cubic kilometers (600 cu mi) of Atana Ignimbrite.^[58]
• Frailes Plateau, Bolivia; 4 Ma; 620 cubic kilometers (149 cu mi) of Frailes Ignimbrite E.^[4][59]
• Cerro Galán (size: 32 km wide), Catamarca Province, northwestern Argentina; 4.2 Ma; 510 cubic kilometers (122 cu mi) of Real Grande and Cueva Negra tephra.^[4]
• Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; Kilgore Caldera (size: 80 x 60 km); VEI 8; 1,800 cubic kilometers (432 cu mi) of Kilgore Tuff; 4.45 Ma ±0.05.^[4][60]
• Khari Khari Caldera, Frailes Plateau, Bolivia; 5 Ma; 470 cubic kilometers (113 cu mi) of tephra.^[4]

Miocene eruptions

Approximately 23.03 million years BP, the Neogene period and Miocene epoch begin.

• Cerro Guacha, Bolivia; 5.6–5.8 Ma (Guacha ignimbrite).^[61]
• Lord Howe Island, Australia; Mount Lidgbird and Mount Gower are both made of basalt rock, remnants of lava flows that once filled a large volcanic caldera 6.4 Ma.^[62]
• Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; 5.51 Ma ±0.13 (Conant Creek Tuff).^[60]
• Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; 5.6 Ma; 500 cubic kilometers (120 cu mi) of Blue Creek Tuff.^[4]
• Cerro Panizos (size: 18 km wide), Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, Bolivia; 6.1 Ma; 652 cubic kilometers (156 cu mi) of Panizos Ignimbrite.^[4][63]
• Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; 6.27 Ma ±0.04 (Walcott Tuff).^[60]
• Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; Blacktail Caldera (size: 100 x 60 km), Idaho; 6.62 Ma ±0.03; 1,500 cubic kilometers (360 cu mi) of Blacktail Tuff.^[4][60]
• Pastos Grandes Caldera (size: 40 x 50 km), Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, Bolivia; 8.3 Ma; 652 cubic kilometers (156 cu mi) of Sifon Ignimbrite.^[4]
• Manus Island, Admiralty Islands, northern Papua New Guinea; 8–10 Ma
• Banks Peninsula, New Zealand; Akaroa erupted 9 Ma, Lyttelton erupted 12 Ma.^[64]
• Mascarene Islands were formed in a series of undersea volcanic eruptions 8–10 Ma, as the African plate drifted over the Réunion hotspot.
• Yellowstone hotspot, Twin Fall volcanic field, Idaho; 8.6 to 10 Ma.^[65]
• Yellowstone hotspot, Grey’s Landing Supereruption, Idaho; 8.72 Ma, 2,800 cubic kilometers (672 cu mi) of Grey’s Landing Ignimbrite.^[66]
• Yellowstone hotspot, McMullen Supereruption, Idaho; 8.99 Ma, 1,700 cubic kilometers (408 cu mi) of volcanic material^[66]
• Yellowstone hotspot, Picabo volcanic field, Idaho; 10.21 Ma ± 0.03 (Arbon Valley Tuff).^[60]
• Mount Cargill, New Zealand; the last eruptive phase ended some 10 Ma. The center of the caldera is about Port Chalmers, the main port of the city of Dunedin. Much of the caldera is filled by Otago Harbour.^[67][68][69]
• Yellowstone hotspot, Idaho; Bruneau-Jarbidge volcanic field; 10.0 to 12.5 Ma (Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption).^[65]
• Anahim hotspot, British Columbia, Canada; has generated the Anahim Volcanic Belt over the last 13 million years.
• Yellowstone hotspot, Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field, Nevada/ Oregon; around 12.8 to 13.9 Ma.^[65][70]
• Tejeda Caldera, Gran Canaria, Spain; 13.9 Ma; the 80 km3 eruption produced a composite ignimbrite (P1) of rhyolite, trachyte and basaltic materials, with a thickness of 30 metres at 10 km from the caldera center^[71]
• Gran Canaria shield basalt eruption, Spain; 14.5 to 14 Ma; 1,000 km3 of tholeiitic to alkali basalts^[72]
• Campi Flegrei, Naples, Italy; 14.9 Ma; 79 cubic kilometers (19 cu mi) of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff.^[4]
• Huaylillas Ignimbrite, Bolivia, southern Peru, northern Chile; 15 Ma ±1; 1,100 cubic kilometers (264 cu mi) of tephra.^[4]
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (North), Trout Creek Mountains, Whitehorse Caldera (size: 15 km wide), Oregon; 15 Ma; 40 cubic kilometers (10 cu mi) of Whitehorse Creek Tuff.^[4][73]
• Yellowstone hotspot (?), Lake Owyhee volcanic field; 15.0 to 15.5 Ma.^[74]
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Jordan Meadow Caldera, (size: 10–15 km wide), Nevada/ Oregon; 15.6 Ma; 350 cubic kilometers (84 cu mi) Longridge Tuff member 2–3.^{[4][65][73][75]}
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Longridge Caldera, (size: 33 km wide), Nevada/ Oregon; 15.6 Ma; 400 cubic kilometers (96 cu mi) Longridge Tuff member 5.^{[4][65][73][75]}
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Calavera Caldera, (size: 17 km wide), Nevada/ Oregon; 15.7 Ma; 300 cubic kilometers (72 cu mi) of Double H Tuff.^{[4][65][73][75]}
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Hoppin Peaks Caldera, 16 Ma; Hoppin Peaks Tuff.^[76]
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (North), Trout Creek Mountains, Pueblo Caldera (size: 20 x 10 km), Oregon; 15.8 Ma; 40 cubic kilometers (10 cu mi) of Trout Creek Mountains Tuff.^[4][73][76]
• Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Washburn Caldera, (size: 30 x 25 km wide), Nevada/ Oregon; 16.548 Ma; 250 cubic kilometers (60 cu mi) of Oregon Canyon Tuff.^[4][73][75]
• Yellowstone hotspot (?), Northwest Nevada volcanic field (NWNV), Virgin Valley, High Rock, Hog Ranch, and unnamed calderas; West of Pine Forest Range, Nevada; 15.5 to 16.5 Ma.^[77]
• Yellowstone hotspot, Steens and Columbia River flood basalts, Pueblo, Steens, and Malheur Gorge-region, Pueblo Mountains, Steens Mountain, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, USA; most vigorous eruptions were from 14 to 17 Ma; 180,000 cubic kilometers (43,184 cu mi) of lava.^{[4][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]}
• Mount Lindesay (New South Wales), Australia; is part of the remnants of the Nandewar extinct volcano that ceased activity about 17 Ma after 4 million years of activity.
• Oxaya Ignimbrites, northern Chile (around 18°S); 19 Ma; 3,000 cubic kilometers (720 cu mi) of tephra.^[4]
• Pemberton Volcanic Belt was erupting about 21 to 22 Ma.^[85]

Volcanism before the Neogene

• Paleogene ends 23 million years ago.
  • The formation of the Chilcotin Group basalts occurs between 10–6 million years ago.
  • The formation of the Columbia River Basalt Group occurs between 17 and 6 million years ago.
  • La Garita Caldera erupts in the Wheeler Geologic Area, Central Colorado volcanic field, Colorado, USA, eruption several VEI 8 events (Possibly as high as a VEI 9), 5,000 cubic kilometers (1,200 cu mi) of Fish Canyon Tuff was blasted out in a single, major eruption about 27.8 million years ago.^[52][86][87]
  • Unknown source in Ethiopia erupts 29 million years ago with at least 3,000 cubic kilometers (720 cu mi) of Green Tuff and SAM.^[4]
  • Sam Ignimbrite in Yemen forms 29.5 million years ago, at least 5,550 cubic kilometers (1,332 cu mi) of distal tuffs associated with the ignimbrites.^[88]
  • Jabal Kura’a Ignimbrite in Yemen forms 29.6million years ago, at least 3,700 cubic kilometers (888 cu mi) of distal tuffs associated with the ignimbrites.^[88]
  • The Ethiopian Highlands flood basalt begins 30 million years ago
• About 33.9 million ago, the Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene period begins
  • The Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up begins 40 million years ago and lasts until 25 million years ago.
  • Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex erupts 50 million years ago with a VEI 7 850 cubic kilometers (204 cu mi) of tephra.^[89]
  • Canary hotspot is believed to have first appeared about 60 million years ago.
  • Formation of the Brito-Arctic province begins 61 million years ago
  • Réunion hotspot, Deccan Traps, India, formed between 60 and 68 million years ago which are thought to have played a role in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
  • The Louisville hotspot has produced the Louisville Ridge, it is active for at least 80 million years. It may have originated the Ontong Java Plateau around 120 million years ago.
  • Hawaii hotspot, Meiji Seamount is the oldest extant seamount in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain, with an estimated age of 82 million years.
  • The Kerguelen Plateau begins forming 110 million years ago.
  • The Rahjamal Traps form from 117 to 116 million years ago.
  • The Ontong Java Plateau forms from 125 to 120 million years ago
  • Paraná and Etendeka traps, Brazil, Namibia and Angola form 128 to 138 million years ago. 132 million years ago, a possible supervolcanic eruption occurred, ejecting 8,600 cubic kilometers (2,063 cu mi).^[90]
  • Formation of the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalts begins 183 million years ago.
• The flood basalts of the Central Atlantic magmatic province are thought to have contributed to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event about 199 million years ago.
• The Siberian Traps are thought to have played a significant role in the Permian–Triassic extinction event 252 million years ago.
  • Formation of the Emeishan Traps began 260 million years ago.
• The Late Devonian extinction occurs about 374 million years ago.
• The Ordovician–Silurian extinction event occurs between 450 and 440 million years ago.
  • Glen Coe, Scotland; VEI 8; 420 million years ago
  • Scafells, Lake District, England; VEI 8; Ordovician (488.3–443.7 million years ago).
  • Flat Landing Brook; VEI 8, A Supervolcanic eruption occurred 466 million years ago, as it erupted in one of the largest explosive volcanic eruptions known in Earth’s history with a volume of ejecta at around 2,000–12,000 cubic kilometers (480–2,879 cu mi).
• The Phanerozoic eon begins 539 million years ago.^[91]
  • Midcontinent Rift System of North America begins forming 1,000 million years ago.
  • Mackenzie Large Igneous Province forms 1,270 million years ago.
  • Mistassini dike swarm and Matachewan dike swarm form 2,500 million years ago.
  • Blake River Megacaldera Complex forms 2,704–2,707 million years ago.^[92]
• Approximately 2,500 million years ago, the Proterozoic eon of the Precambrian period begins
• About 3,800 million years ago, the Archean eon of the Precambrian period begins

Notes

• The Mackenzie Large Igneous Province contains the largest and best-preserved continental flood basalt terrain on Earth.^[93] The Mackenzie dike swarm throughout the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province is also the largest dike swarm on Earth, covering an area of 2,700,000 km² (1,000,000 sq mi).^[94]
• The Bachelor (27.4 Ma), San Luis (27–26.8 Ma), and Creede (26 Ma) calderas partially overlap each other and are nested within the large La Garita (27.6 Ma) caldera, forming the central caldera cluster of the San Juan volcanic field, Wheeler Geologic Area, La Garita Wilderness. Creede, Colorado and San Luis Peak (Continental Divide of the Americas) are nearby. North Pass Caldera is northeastern the San Juan Mountains, North Pass. The Platoro volcanic complex lies southeastern of the central caldera cluster. The center of the western San Juan caldera cluster lies just west of Lake City, Colorado.
• The Rio Grande rift includes the San Juan volcanic field, the Valles Caldera, the Potrillo volcanic field, and the Socorro-Magdalena magmatic system.^[95] The Socorro Magma Body is uplifting the surface at approximately 2 mm/year.^[96][97]
• The southwestern Nevada volcanic field, or Yucca Mountain volcanic field, includes: Stonewall Mountain caldera complex, Black Mountain Caldera, Silent Canyon Caldera, Timber Mountain – Oasis Valley caldera complex, Crater Flat Group, and Yucca Mountain. Towns nearby: Beatty, Mercury, Goldfield.^[98] It is aligned as a Crater Flat volcanic field, Réveille Range, Lunar Crater volcanic field, Zone (CFLC).^[99] The Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah is nearby too.
• McDermitt volcanic field, or Orevada rift volcanic field, Nevada/ Oregon, nearby are: McDermitt, Trout Creek Mountains, Bilk Creek Mountains, Steens Mountain, Jordan Meadow Mountain (6,816 ft), Long Ridge, Trout Creek, and Whitehorse Creek.
• Emmons Lake stratovolcano (caldera size: 11 x 18 km), Aleutian Range, was formed through six eruptions. Mount Emmons, Mount Hague, and Double Crater are post-caldera cones.^[6]
• The topography of the Basin and Range Province is a result of crustal extension within this part of the North American Plate (rifting of the North American craton or Laurentia from Western North America; e.g. Gulf of California, Rio Grande rift, Oregon-Idaho graben). The crust here has been stretched up to 100% of its original width.^[100] In fact, the crust underneath the Basin and Range, especially under the Great Basin (includes Nevada), is some of the thinnest in the world.
• Topographically visible calderas: South part of the McDermitt volcanic field (four overlapping and nested calderas), West of McDermitt; Cochetopa Park Caldera, West of the North Pass; Henry’s Fork Caldera; Banks Peninsula, New Zealand (Photo) and Valles Caldera. Newer drawings show McDermitt volcanic field (South), as five overlapping and nested calderas. Hoppin Peaks Caldera is included too.
• Repose periods: Toba (0.38 Ma),^[39] Valles Caldera (0.35 Ma),^[101][102] Yellowstone Caldera (0.7 Ma).^[103]
• Kiloannum (ka), is a unit of time equal to one thousand years. Megaannum (Ma), is a unit of time equal to one million years, one can assume that “ago” is implied.

Volcanic explosivity index (VEI)

VEI	Tephra Volume (cubic kilometers)	Example
0	Effusive	Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua, 1570
1	>0.00001	Poás Volcano, Costa Rica, 1991
2	>0.001	Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand, 1971
3	>0.01	Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, 1985
4	>0.1	Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland, 2010
5	>1	Mount St. Helens, United States, 1980
6	>10	Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991
7	>100	Mount Tambora, Indonesia, 1815
8	>1000	Yellowstone Caldera, United States, Pleistocene

Volcanic dimming

The global dimming through volcanism (ash aerosol and sulfur dioxide) is quite independent of the eruption VEI.^{[104][105][106]} When sulfur dioxide (boiling point at standard state: -10 °C) reacts with water vapor, it creates sulfate ions (the precursors to sulfuric acid), which are very reflective; ash aerosol on the other hand absorbs ultraviolet.^[107] Global cooling through volcanism is the sum of the influence of the global dimming and the influence of the high albedo of the deposited ash layer.^[108] The lower snow line and its higher albedo might prolong this cooling period.^[109] Bipolar comparison showed six sulfate events: Tambora (1815), Cosigüina (1835), Krakatoa (1883), Agung (1963), and El Chichón (1982), and the 1808 mystery eruption.^[110] And the atmospheric transmission of direct solar radiation data from the Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO), Hawaii (19°32’N) detected only five eruptions:^[111]

• June 11, 2009, Sarychev Peak (?), Kuril Islands, 400 tons of tephra, VEI 4
  • 48°05′30″N 153°12′0″E
• June 12–15, 1991 (eruptive climax), Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, 11,000 ±0.5 tons of tephra, VEI 6
  • Global cooling: 0.5 °C,^[112] 15°08′0″N 120°21′0″E
• March 28, 1982, El Chichón, Mexico, 2,300 tons of tephra, VEI 5
  • 17°21′36″N 93°13′40″W
• October 10, 1974, Volcán de Fuego, Guatemala, 400 tons of tephra, VEI 4
  • 14°28′22″N 90°52′49″W
• February 18, 1963, Mount Agung, Lesser Sunda Islands, 100 tons of lava, more than 1,000 tons of tephra, VEI 5
  • Northern Hemisphere cooling: 0.3 °C,^[113]8°20′30″S 115°30′30″E

****

From:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_large_volcanic_eruptions

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ka[1]	Tephra or eruption name
6	Lolobau Island	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	50	12	caldera formation
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	< 25	12.3	Ruplax Tuff
6	Nevado de Toluca	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	20	12.5	Upper Toluca Pumice
6	Sakurajima	Kyūshū	11	12.8	Sakurajima-Satsuma Tuff
6	Laacher See	Eifel hotspot	20	12.9
6	Nigorigawa	Hokkaidō	10.9	14.6
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	79	14.9	Neapolitan Yellow Tuff
6	Maly Semyachik	Kamchatka	17.5	15
6	Towada	Honshū	56	15.6	eruption episode L
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	Un­known	15.7
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.3	19.3	Green Pumice
7	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	100	19.3	Kiau Ignimbrite
7	Zavaritzki Caldera	Simushir, Kuril Islands	200	20
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	>10	21	Kulau Ignimbrite
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1	21	Caldera formation 2
6	Cape Riva Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	>20	21.8	Cape Riva
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.9	22	Basal Pumice
6	Mount Katmai	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	⩾10	22.8	Late Pleistocene rhyodacite pumice fall and ignimbrite
8	Taupō Volcano	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1170	26.5	Oruanui eruption[a]
6	Morne Diablotins	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	14	26.6	Grand Savanne Ignimbrite
?	Laguna Caldera	Luzon Volcanic Arc	Un­known	27-29
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	2.2	28.6	Codola Pumice
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥10	29.1	Y3
6	Emmons Lake caldera	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	50	29.3	Dawson Tephra
6	Nemrut yanardağı	Turkey	65.4	29.7
7-8	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	940 – 1,040[2]	30[3]	Ito Ignimbrite
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	10	30.8	Nemo III
6	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	>30	32.2	caldera formation
6	Volcán Los Azufres	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	11	32.8	Cieneguillas Ignimbrite
6	Morne Trois Pitons	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	58	33.3	Roseau Tuff/Ignimbrite
7	Lake Ranau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	150	33.6	Ranau Tuff
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	31.3	34	Nemo II
6	Mount Batur	Sunda Arc, Bali	84	34.6	Ubud Ignimbrite
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	25	35	Caldera II
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10	35.3[4]	Nu-p
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1	35.6	Menengai Tuff
6	Towada	Honshū	46	36	eruption episode N
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10	38.3[4]	Nu-r
7	Gorely	Kamchatka	120	39	Southern sea cliffs
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	170	39.3	Kp-1, Kutcharo Shoro Ash
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	430 – 680	39.9	Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	40
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	40	40	Caldera I
6	Ugashik-Peulik	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	30	40	Caldera formation
6?	Ulleung	South Korea	10?	40[3]	Ulleungdo-Yamato tephra
6	Irosin Caldera	Bicol–Leyte Volcanic Arc	70	41	Irosin Ignimbrites
6	Qualibou	Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles island arc	11	42.3	Choiseul Tuff
6	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	10.3	42.5	C (Cs, Cy, Cm, Cw, Ct) (Ape Canyon)
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	14.4 DRE[4]	43[6]	Kt-1
7	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	150	43.6	Uzon ignimbrite – northern field
6	Golovnin	Kunashir, Kuril Islands	15	43.7	Kn III-5 Tephra
6	Mount Akagi	Honshū	25.9	44	Akagi-Kanuma pumice
6	Mendeleev	Kunashir, Kuril Islands	60	44.5	caldera formation
7	Opala	Kamchatka	225	44.5	caldera formation
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5 – 10[4]	45	Yanagisawa Tuff
7	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	>115	45	Nemo I
6	Smith Island	Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc	49	45
7	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	350 – 390[7]	46	caldera formation

50 to 99KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ka[8]	Tephra or eruption name
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.2 DRE	50	Kt-2
7	Ōkataina Volcanic Complex	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	50	Rotoiti Ignimbrite
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	13.1	51	Santa Lucia Tephra
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	235	52	Maninjau paroxysmal welded and unwelded tuffs
6	Mount Kujū	Kyūshū	12[9]	53.5	Kuju-Handa pyroclastic flow (Kj-Hd), Kuju-1 Pumice (Kj-P1)
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	13.75	54	Upper Scoriae 2
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	20.1 DRE	50 – 60	Kt-3
6	Ischia	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10	56	X2
6	Ischia	Campanian volcanic arc	40	56	Monte Epomeo Green Tuff
6	Daisen	Honshū	40	59.6[3]	Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice
6	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	50	60	Shadai eruption
6	Towada	Honshū	10	61	eruption episode Q
6	Newberry Volcano	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 12.5	62.5	Olema tephra, Paulina tephra
6	Hakone	Honshū	20	66	Hakone-Tokyo Pumice
6	Akademia Nauk	Kamchatka	12.5	69.4	Odnoboky O2 tuffs
6	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	37	69	Zaragoza Tuff
6	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	24	70	Faby Tuff
6	Pico do Fogo	Cape Verde		73
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5 – 10	73	Nisaka Tuff
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	2800 (DRE) – 13,200[10]	74	Youngest Toba Tuff[b]
6	Barrier Volcano	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	10	74	caldera formation
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	> 11 DRE	75	Kt-4
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	12.35	80	CA-1a Tephra
6	Bolshoy Semyachik	Kamchatka	42	80	Bol’shoi Semiachik Caldera II
6	Hakone	Honshū	10	80	Hakone-Obaradai Pumice
7?	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	25	81	Inararo Tuff
6	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	10	82.8	X4; I-7
7-8	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	300	84	Los Chocoyos eruption
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	16.8 DRE	84	Kt-6
6	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	25	85	Kp-2/3
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.8 DRE	84 – 87	Kt-7
7-8	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	930 – 1,860[2]	87	Aso-4 Ignimbrite
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	9.9 DRE	87 – 106	Kt-8

100 to 299KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ka[12]	Tephra or eruption name
7	Kikai Caldera	Ryukyu Islands	Un­known	100	Tozurahara eruption
6	Sierra la Primavera	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	90	100	Tala Tuff
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	14	100	Middle Pumice
6	Ontake	Honshū	50	100	Ontake-1 Pumice
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?	100	Boroi Ignimbrites
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?	100	Malaguna Pyroclastics
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	350	100[3]	Ata pyroclastic deposits
6	Sanbe	Honshū	20	105	Sanbe-Kisuki pumice
6	Tangkuban Perahu	Sunda Arc, Java	≥ 10	105	Sunda Caldera
7	Lake Tōya	Hokkaidō	230 – 310[2]	106
6	Santo Antão	Cape Verde	10.33	106	Cão Grande I
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10	106.2	X5
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10	108.9	X6
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	175	117.5	Kp-4, Kutcharo Haboro Ash
7	Emmons Lake caldera	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	220	124	Old Craw Tephra
7	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	> 150	130	Aso-3 Ignimbrite
6	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	50	141	Aso-2 Ignimbrite
6	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	23?	143	Cold Mountain Creek Tuff
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	150	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	150
7	Kos-Nisyros Caldera	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	110	161	Kos Plateau Tuff
7	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	290 DRE[13]	164	Xáltipan Ignimbrite
7	Lake Akan	Hokkaidō	56.8 (DRE)	175	AK-2
6	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	50	176	Bluff Point Tuff
7	Southern Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	Un­known	180
7	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift	103.5	182.3
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	Un­known	205
7	Rotorua Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	230	Mamaku Ignimbrite
7	Maroa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	230	Ohakuri Ignimbrite
7	Reporoa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	230	Kaingaroa Ignimbrite
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	> 150	240	Torihama eruption
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	240	Ohakui Ignimbrite
7	O’a Caldera	Ethiopia	276	240	Qi3 Pumice
8	Maroa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	254	Whakamaru Ignimbrite
6	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	Un­known	266	Aso-1 Ignimbrite
6	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	46	278	Uzon ignimbrite – southern field
7	Haroharo Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	280	Matahina Ignimbrite
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	280	Pakai Ignimbrite
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	175	280

300 to 999KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ka[14]	Tephra or eruption name
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	300	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	300	Chimpanzee Ignimbrite
7	Vulsini	Campanian volcanic arc	460	300	Bolsena Caldera
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	Un­known	320
7	Kakutō Caldera	Kyūshū	Un­known	321	Kakuto Ignimbrite
7?	Suiendani	Honshū	Un­known	370	Okuhida Pyroclastics
7	Lake Bracciano	Lazio, Italy	> 200	370	Mophi Tephra
6	Roccamonfina Caldera	Campanian volcanic arc	Un­known	390
6-7	Medvezhia	Iturup, Kuril Islands	90	410	Medvezhia Ignimbrite
7	Toussidé	Tibesti Mountains	150	430	Yirrigué Ignimbrite
7	Pauzhetka Caldera	Kamchatka	375	440	Golygin Ignimbrite
7	Tumalo	Oregon	Un­known	440	Tumalo tuff
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	Un­known	450	Oda Ignimbrite
7	Diamante Caldera	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	450
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	Un­known	500	Yoshino Ignimbrite
7	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	138	500	Middle Toba Tuff
7	Kobayashi Caldera	Kyūshū	Un­known	520	Kobayashi Ignimbrite
6	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	560
7	Mount Kirishima	Kyūshū	Un­known	580	Hiwaki Ignimbrite
6?	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū	Un­known	600	Yufugawa Ignimbrite
6	Mount Lassen	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 75	610	Rockland Caldera formation
8	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	⩾ 1,000	631	Lava Creek Tuff
7	Acatlán Volcanic Field	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	150	650	Acatlán Ignimbrite
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū	Un­known	650	Seiganji-Toga Tephra
7	Kamitakara	Honshū	Un­known	650
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	680	Matahana A
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	710	Waiotapu Ignimbrite
7	Long Valley Caldera	Eastern California	790	760	Bishop Tuff
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	830	Matahana B
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Un­known	840	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	5,290[10]	840	Toba Tuff
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū	Un­known	870	Imaichi Ignimbrite
7	Tondano Caldera	North Sulawesi, Sulawesi	600 – 950	870
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	950	Marshall Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	970	Unit E

1 to 9.9MA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ma[15]	Tephra or eruption name
7	North Vate	Vanuatu	Un­known	1	Efaté Pumice Formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	1	Rocky Hill Ignimbrite
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū	Un­known	1	Yabakei Ignimbrite
7	Tamagawa Caldera	Honshū	Un­known	1
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū	Un­known	1	Saigō Ignimbrite
7	Tokachi-Mitsumata Caldera	Hokkaidō	> 130	1
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	1.01	Kidnappers Ignimbrite
8	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift	1,000	1.09
8	Gakkel Ridge Caldera	Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean	3000	1.1
7	Akademia Nauk	Kamchatka	100	1.13	Stena-Soboliny Ignimbrite
7	Kulshan Caldera	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 117.5	1.149	Lake Tapps Tephra, Swift Creek Ignimbrite, Kulshan caldera formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	1.18	Ahuroa Ignimbrite
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū	Un­known	1.2	Shikido Ignimbrite
6	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	Un­known	1.2	Haranggoal Dacite Tuff
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū	Un­known	1.2	Ashino Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	1.2	Unit D
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	1.21	Ongatiti Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA (Raton hotspot)	690	1.223	Upper Bandelier Tuff
7	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	> 280 (DRE)	1.27	Mesa Falls Tuff
7	Puricó Complex	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	Un­known	1.3	Puricó Ignimbrite
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū	Un­known	1.4	Kumado Ignimbrite
7	Mount Tokachi	Hokkaidō	Un­known	1.4	Tokachi Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	1.4	Unit C
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	1.53	Unit B
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Un­known	1.55	Unit A
7	Mount Jiigatake[16]	Honshū	Un­known	1.6	Ōmine Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA	690	1.61	Lower Bandelier Tuff
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Un­known	1.65
6	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	Un­known	1.7	Puripica Ch0ico ignimbrite
7	Young Island	Valleny Islands	100	1.7	Eltanin
7	Bolshe-Bannaya	Kamchatka	800	1.705
7	Mount Hotakadake[16]	Honshū	Un­known	1.75	Ebisutōge-Fukuda tephras
7	Mount Hotakadake	Honshū	Un­known	1.76	Nyūkawa Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA	⩾ 100	1.78	San Diego Canyon Ignimbrite
7	Karymshina	Kamchatka	Un­known	1.78
7	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	Un­known	1.8
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Un­known	1.88	Kitazawa Ignimbrite
7	Mount Tokachi	Hokkaidō	Un­known	1.9	Biei Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Un­known	2	Reishōji Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Un­known	2	Ht-3 Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Un­known	2	Nyūnomi Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Un­known	2	Ichiuda Ignimbrite
7	Mount Hotakadake	Honshū	Un­known	2	Sonehara Ignimbrite
7	Tamagawa Caldera	Honshū	Un­known	2
8	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	2,160	2.0794	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff A & B
7	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	290	2.113	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff C
7	Mount Jiigatake[16]	Honshū	Un­known	2.18	Taniguchi Ignimbrite
8	Cerro Galán	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1030	2.2	Cerro Galán Ignimbrite
7?	Mount Erciyes	Turkey	Un­known	2.52	Valibabatepe Ignimbrite
^^^^Quaternary^^^^
7	Hiwada Caldera	Honshū	Un­known	2.8	Hotokezawa Ignimbrite
8	Pastos Grandes Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1500	2.9	Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite
7	Teragi Cauldron	Honshū	Un­known	3.03	Teragi Group[17]
7	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	Un­known	3.5	Tara Ignimbrite
7	Yunosawa Caldera	Honshū	Un­known	3.5	Obirakiyama Tuff
8	Pacana Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	2800	4	Atana Ignimbrite
8	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	4.45	Kilgore Tuff
?	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	5.51	Conant Creek Tuff
8	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	1300	5.7	Guacha ignimbrite
7	Cerro Panizos	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	Un­known	6.1	Panizos Ignimbrite
?	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	6.27	Walcott Tuff
8	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	6.62	Blacktail Tuff
7	Black Mountain Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Un­known	7	Thirsty Canyon Tuff
7	Pastos Grandes Caldera or Vilama Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	Un­known	8.3	Sifon Ignimbrite
?	Twin Falls volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	10-8.6
8	Grey’s Landing Supereruption	Yellowstone hotspot	>2,800[18]	8.72	Grey’s Landing Ignimbrite
8	McMullen Supereruption	Yellowstone hotspot	>1,700[18]	8.99	McMullen Ignimbrite

10MA and older

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ma[19]	Tephra or eruption name
?	Picabo volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	10 – 10.2	Arbon Valley Tuffs
7-8	Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	950	10 – 12.5	Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption
7	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Un­known	11.45	Timber Mountain Tuff – Ammonia Tanks member
8	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Un­known	11.6	Timber Mountain Tuff – Rainer Mesa member
8	Paintbrush Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Un­known	12.7	Paintbrush Tuff – Topopah Spring member
8	Paintbrush Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Un­known	12.8	Paintbrush Tuff – Tiva Canyon member
7	Mount Sobo	Kyūshū	Un­known	12.8
?	Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	13.9-12.8
7	Mount Katamuki	Kyūshū	Un­known	13
7	Silent Canyon caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Un­known	13	Belted Range Tuff
7	Crater Flat Group	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Un­known	13.25	Crater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member
7	Shitara Caldera	Honshū	Un­known	15.1-13.1
8	Ōdai Caldera	Honshū	Un­known	13.7	Murō Ignimbrite
8	Mount Ōkue	Kyūshū	Un­known	13.7	Okueyama volcano-plutonic complex
7	Mount Ishizuchi	Shikoku	Un­known	14
8	Kumano Caldera	Honshū	Un­known	14.4	Kumano Acidic rocks
8	Source unknown	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1100	15	Huaylillas Ignimbrite
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	15	Whitehorse Creek Tuff
?	Lake Owyhee volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?	Un­known	15.5-15
8	Mount Osuzu	Kyūshū	Un­known	15.1	Osuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex
?	Northwest Nevada volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?	Un­known	16.5-15.5
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	15.6	Longridge Tuff member 2-3
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	15.6	Longridge Tuff member 5
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	15.7	Double H Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	15.8	Trout Creek Mountains Tuff
?	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	16	Hoppin Peaks Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Un­known	16.5	Oregon Canyon Tuff
8	Oxaya Formation	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	3000	19	Oxaya Ignimbrite
7	Mount Belknap Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field	Un­known	19	Joe Lott member
^^^^Neogene^^^^
7	Monroe Peak Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field	Un­known	23	Osiris Tuff
8	La Garita Caldera	San Juan volcanic field	5000	27.8	Fish Canyon Tuff[c]
8?	Bachelor	San Juan volcanic field	1000	28	Carpenter Ridge Tuff
8	San Juan	San Juan volcanic field	Un­known	28	Sapinero Mesa Tuff
8?	Uncompahgre	San Juan volcanic field	1000	28.1	Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs
8?	Platoro	San Juan volcanic field	1000	28.2	Chiquito Peak Tuff
8	Bursum	Southern New Mexico	Un­known	28.5	Apache Springs Tuff
8	White Rock Caldera	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex	Un­known	29.2	Lund Tuff
8	Sana’a Ignimbrite	Afro-Arabian	Un­known	29.5	Tephra 2W63
8	Iftar Alkalb	Afro-Arabian	Un­known	29.5	Tephra 4 W
8	Sam Ignimbrite	Yemen	Un­known	29.5	Green Tuff
8	Jabal Kura’a Ignimbrite	Yemen	Un­known	29.6
8	Wah Wah Springs Caldera	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex	5900	30.06	Wah Wah Springs Tuff[d]
8	Windows Butte Tuff	Central Nevada	Un­known	33	Windows Butte Tuff
8	Emory Caldera	Southwestern New Mexico	Un­known	34.9	Kneeling Nun Tuff, City of Rocks State Park
8	Mount Princeton	Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Colorado	Un­known	35.3	Wall Mountain Tuff
7	Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex	Skukum Group	Un­known	50
^^^^Paleogene^^^^
8	Deccan Traps	West-central India	Un­known	66	This volcanic episode occurred about 300,000 years after the Chicxulub meteor impact, and may have been another contributing factor towards the extinction of the dinosaurs
8	Source unknown	Honshū	Un­known	70	Noi Rhyolite
8	Ontong-Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi Plateau	Southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of the Solomon Islands	Un­known	121	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Guarapuava-Tamarana-Sarusas	Paraná and Etendeka traps	Un­known	132	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Santa Maria Fria	Paraná and Etendeka traps	Un­known	132	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Guarapuava-Ventura	Paraná and Etendeka traps	Un­known	132	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	High Island Caldera	Hong Kong	Un­known	140
^^^^Cretaceous^^^^
8	Ora Caldera	Southern Alps, Italy	Un­known	277–274	Ora Formation
7	Altenberg–Teplice Caldera[20]	The Altenberg-Teplice Volcanic Complex	Un­known	325-317[20]	Teplice Rhyolite intra-caldera deposits
8	Cerberean Caldera	Rubicon Valley	Un­known	374[21]	Cerberean Caldera now forms the northern part of the Marysville Igneous Complex in central Victoria at Lake Eildon National Park.[21][22]
8	Glen Coe	Scotland	Un­known	420[23]
8	Scafells	Lake District	Un­known	450+[24]

******************

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_large_volume_volcanic_eruptions_in_the_Basin_and_Range_Province

Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include Basin and Range eruptions in Utah, California, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming and Oregon, as well as those of the Long Valley Caldera geological province and the Yellowstone hotspot.

Volcanic fields

Some of the volcanic fields within the Basin and Range Province: Northwestern Nevada, the Modoc Plateau, Central Nevada, the Great Basin, Southwestern Nevada, the Mojave Desert, and the Long Valley Caldera region. Named ones include: Coso Volcanic Field, Mono Lake Volcanic Field, Marysvale Volcanic Field, San Juan volcanic field, Indian Peak, Central Colorado volcanic field, Jemez volcanic lineament, Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, Santa Rosa-Calico, and Boot Heel volcanic field.

Geological features

Many geological features in Western United States have a Northeastern orientation, the North American craton motion has the same orientation as well.^[1] For example: the Trans-Challis fault zone, Idaho; the Snake River in Oregon; the Garlock Fault, California; the Colorado River in Utah; the Colorado Mineral Belt; Crater Flat–Reveille Range–Lunar Crater lineament, the Northwestern Nevada volcanic field; the San Juan caldera cluster, Colorado; the Socorro-Magdalena caldera cluster, New Mexico; Jemez volcanic lineament (Raton hotspot trail); and the Yellowstone hotspot trail. But the Yellowstone hotspot trail was modified through faults and extension.

Geology

Prior to the Eocene Epoch (55.8 ± 0.2 to 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma) the convergence rate of the Farallon and North American Plates was fast and the angle of subduction was shallow. During the Eocene the Farallon Plate subduction-associated compressive forces of the Laramide orogeny ended, plate interactions changed from orthogonal compression to oblique strike-slip, and volcanism in the Basin and Range Province flared up. It is suggested that this plate continued to be underthrust until about 19 Ma, at which time it was completely consumed and volcanic activity ceased, in part. Olivine basalt from the oceanic ridge erupted around 17 Ma and extension began.^{[2][3][4][5][6]} The extension resulted in roughly north-south-trending faults, the Great Basin, the Walker trough, the Owens graben, and the Rio Grande rift, for instance.

List of large volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

The large volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include:

• Long Valley Caldera; Mono County, California, USA; 758.9 ± 1.8 ka; VEI 7; 600 km³ (140 cu mi) of Bishop Tuff.^[7][8]
• Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.15 Ma; VEI 7; around 600 km³ (140 cu mi) of the Tshirege formation, Upper Bandelier eruption.^[8][9][10]
• Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.47 Ma (Lower Bandelier eruption, the Otawi).^{[8][9][11][12]}
• Yellowstone hotspot (?), Lake Owyhee volcanic fields; 15.0 to 15.5 Ma.^[13]
• Yellowstone hotspot (?), Northwest Nevada volcanic field, Virgin Valley, High Rock, Hog Ranch, and unnamed calderas; West of the Pine Forest Range, Nevada; 15.5 to 16.5 Ma; Tuffs: Idaho Canyon, Ashdown, Summit Lake, and Soldier Meadow.^{[14][15][16][17][18]}
• Columbia River Basalt Province: Yellowstone hotspot releases a huge pulse of volcanic activity, the first eruptions were near the Oregon-Idaho-Washington border. Columbia River and Steens flood basalts, Pueblo Mountains, Steens Mountain, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho; most vigorous eruptions were from 14 to 17 Ma.^[8]
  • Columbia River flood basalts, 175,000 km³ (42,000 cu mi)^[19][20][21]
  • Steens flood basalts, 65,000 km³ (16,000 cu mi)^[19][22][23]
• Mount Belknap Caldera (17 km × 12 km (10.6 mi × 7.5 mi)), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 19 Ma; 150 km³ (36 cu mi) of tephra (Joe Lott member).^[8][24]
• Big John Caldera (10 km × 6 km (6.2 mi × 3.7 mi)), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 22 Ma; 50 km³ (12 cu mi) of Delano Peak Tuff member.^[8]
• Monroe Peak Caldera (20 km × 16 km (12.4 mi × 9.9 mi)), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 23 Ma; 200 km³ (48 cu mi) of Osiris Tuff.^[8][24]
• Lake City calderas (20 km (12 mi) wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 23.1 Ma; 300 km³ (72 cu mi) of Sunshine Peak Tuff.^[8][25][26]
• Turkey Creek Caldera (25 km (16 mi) wide), Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona; 25 Ma; 500 km³ (120 cu mi) of Rhyolite Canyon Formation.^[8][27]
• Lake City calderas (25 km (16 mi) wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 25.9 Ma; 200 to 500 km³ (48 to 120 cu mi) of tephra.^[8][28]
• Questa Caldera (15 km (9.3 mi) wide), Questa-Latir volcanic locus, Questa, New Mexico; 26 Ma, 400 km³ (96 cu mi) of Amalia Tuff.^[8][24]
• Creede Caldera (24 km (15 mi) wide), San Juan Mountains, Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.7 Ma; less than 500 km³ (120 cu mi) of Snowshoe Mountain Tuff.^[28][29]
• San Luis caldera complex (18 km (11 mi) wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.8 Ma, 562 km³ (135 cu mi) of Nelson Mountain Tuff.^[8][28]
• San Luis caldera complex (18 km (11 mi) wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.9 Ma, 250 km³ (60 cu mi) of Cebola Creek Tuff.^[28]
• San Luis caldera complex (18 km (11 mi) wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27 Ma, 150 km³ (36 cu mi) of Rat Creek Tuff.^[8][28]
• Three Creeks Caldera (8 km (5.0 mi) wide), Marysvale Volcanic Field, Cove Fort-Sulphurdale area, southwestern Utah; 27 Ma; 100 to 200 km³ (24 to 48 cu mi) of Three Creeks Tuff Member of the Bullion Canyon Volcanics.^[8][24]
• South River Caldera, Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.1 Ma, more than 500 km³ (120 cu mi) of Wason Park Tuff.^[8][28]
• Central San Juan Caldera (concealed), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.2 Ma, 250 km³ (60 cu mi) of Blue Creek Tuff.^[8][28]
• Bachelor Caldera (20 km × 28 km (12 mi × 17 mi)), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.35 Ma; 1,200 km³ (290 cu mi) of Carpenter Ridge Tuff.^[29]
• Silverton Caldera (20 km (12 mi) wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.6 Ma, 50 to 100 km³ (12 to 24 cu mi) of Crystal Lake Tuff.^[8][28]
• La Garita Caldera (100 km × 35 km (62 mi × 22 mi)), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; VEI 8; more than 5,000 km³ (1,200 cu mi) of Fish Canyon Tuff was blasted out in a major single eruption about 27.8 Ma.^[29][30][31]
• San Juan Caldera (22 km × 24 km (14 mi × 15 mi)), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28 Ma; more than 1,000 km³ (240 cu mi) of Sapinero Mesa Tuff.^[8]
• Uncompahgre Caldera (23 km × 20 km (14 mi × 12 mi)), Uncompahgre National Forest, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.1 Ma; more than 1,000 km³ (240 cu mi) of Dillon/Sapinero Mesa Tuffs.^[8][32]
• Lost Lake Caldera (10 km (6.2 mi) wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.2 Ma, 100 to 500 km³ (24 to 120 cu mi) of Blue Mesa Tuff.^[8]
• Platoro calderas, San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 28.2 Ma; 1,000 km³ (240 cu mi) of Chiquito Peak Tuff.^[8]
• Central San Juan Caldera (concealed), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.3 Ma; 500 km³ (120 cu mi) of Masonic Park Tuff.^[8][28]
• Ute Creek Caldera, Central Colorado volcanic field, Colorado; 28.3 Ma; 500 km³ (120 cu mi) of Ute Ridge Tuff.^[8][33]

Large volume eruptions of the Southwestern Nevada volcanic field (SWNVF)

Caldera name	State (volcanic field)	age	size
Black Mountain Caldera (18 km wide)	Nevada (SWNVF)	7 Ma ±1	300 km3 (72 cu mi) of Thirsty Canyon Tuff.[8][24]
Timber Mountain caldera complex (30 km × 25 km (19 mi × 16 mi))	Nevada (SWNVF)	11.45 Ma	900 km3 (220 cu mi) of Timber Mountain Tuff – Ammonia Tanks member.[8][34]
Timber Mountain caldera complex	Nevada (SWNVF)	11.6 Ma	1,200 km3 (290 cu mi) of Timber Mountain Tuff – Rainer Mesa member.[8][34]
Paintbrush Caldera (20 km (12 mi) wide)	Nevada (SWNVF)	12.7 Ma	1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) of Paintbrush Tuff – Topopah Spring member.[8][34]
Paintbrush Caldera	Nevada (SWNVF)	12.8 Ma	1,200 km3 (288 cu mi) of Paintbrush Tuff – Tiva Canyon member[8][34]
Silent Canyon Caldera (20 km × 16 km (12.4 mi × 9.9 mi))	Nevada (SWNVF)	13 Ma	200 km3 (48 cu mi).[8][24]
Crater Flat Group	Nevada (SWNVF)	13.25 Ma	650 km3 (156 cu mi) of Belted Range Tuff[8]

List of Rupelian calderas

The Rupelian age/stage (Paleogene period/system, Oligocene epoch/series) spans the time between 33.9 ±0.1 Ma and 28.4 ±0.1 Ma (million years ago).

• Bursum Caldera (size: 40 x 30 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, New Mexico; 28.5 Ma ±0.5; 1,050 cubic kilometres (250 cu mi) of Bloodgood Canyon Tuff.^[8][35]
• Bursum Caldera (size: 40 x 30 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, New Mexico; 28.5 Ma ±0.5; 1,200 cubic kilometres (290 cu mi) of Apache Springs Tuff.^[8][35]
• San Juan Caldera (size: 24 x 22 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.5 Ma; 900 cubic kilometres (220 cu mi) of tephra.^[8][32]
• Summitville Caldera (size: 12 x 8 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.5 Ma; 100 to 500 cubic kilometers (24 to 120 cu mi) of Ojito Creek/ La Jadero Tuffs.^[8][36][37]
• Mount Hope (size: 15 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 29 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Masonic Park Tuff.^[8][25]
• Around White Rock caldera (size: 50 km North-South), White Rock Mountains, Great Basin, Nevada; 29.02 Ma ±0.04; 2,600 cubic kilometres (620 cu mi) of Lund Tuff.^[8][38]
• Ute Creek (size: 8 km wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 29 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Ute Ridge Tuff.^[8][25]
• Platoro calderas (size: 12 x 18 km), San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 29.5 Ma; 500 cubic kilometers (120 cu mi) of Black Mountain Tuff.^[8][36][37]
• Indian Peak, Eastern Nevada; 29.5 Ma; more than 3,200 cubic kilometers (768 cu mi) of Wah Wah Springs Tuff.^[8][39]
• Platoro calderas (size: 18 x 22 km), San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 30 Ma; 592 cubic kilometers (142 cu mi) of La Jara Canyon Tuff.^[8][29][36]
• Goodsight-Cedar Hills volcano-tectonic depression (Bell Top Formation), south-central New Mexico; 30.5 Ma ±1.5, 295 cubic kilometres (71 cu mi) of tephra (Bell Top Formation).^[8][40]
• William’s Ridge, Central Nevada; 31.4 Ma; 3,500 cubic kilometres (840 cu mi) of Windous Butte Tuff.^[8][41]
• North Pass Caldera, Cochetopa Hills, Central Colorado volcanic field; 32.25 Ma; 400 to 500 cubic kilometers (96 to 120 cu mi) of Saguache Creek Tuff.^[8][42]
• Organ Caldera (size: 16 km wide), Organ Mountains, New Mexico; 32 Ma, 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Cueva Soledad Rhyolite.^[8][40]
• Chinati Caldera (size: 30 x 20 km), Chinati Mountains, Texas; 32.5 Ma ±0.5, 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi) of Mitchel Mesa Rhyolite.^[8][43]
• Bonanza (size: 12 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 32.5 Ma, more than 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Bonanza Tuff.^[8][44]
• Cowboy Rim (size: 26 x 18 km), Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 33 Ma, 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Gillespie Tuff.^[8][45]
• Emory Caldera (size: 25 x 55 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, City of Rocks State Park; 33 Ma; VEI 8; 1,310 cubic kilometers (314 cu mi) of Kneeling Nun Tuff.^{[8][46][47][48][49]}
• Socorro Caldera (size: 25 x 35 km), Rio Grande rift, Socorro, New Mexico; 33 Ma, 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Hells Mesa Rhyolite.^[8][29][50]
• Marshall Creek, Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 33.7 Ma; more than 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Thorn Ranch Tuff.^[8][51]
• Mount Aetna (size: 10 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 33.81 Ma, 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Badger Creek Tuff.^[8][52]
• Grizzly Peak Caldera (size: 12 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 34.31 Ma; 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Grizzly Peak Rhyolite.^[8][52]
• Juniper Caldera (size: 25 km), Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 35 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Oak Creek Tuff.^[8][45]
• Mount Princeton (eroded), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 35.3 Ma ±0.6; more than 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi) of Wall Mountain Tuff.^[8][44][53]
• Davis Mountains, Texas; 35.35 Ma ±0.6; 210 cubic kilometres (50 cu mi) of tuffs of Wild Cherry, Lavas of Casket Mountain.^[8][54]
• Davis Mountains, Texas; 35.61 Ma ±0.09; 200 cubic kilometres (48 cu mi) of Barrel Springs Formation and ash flow tuff.^[8][54]
• Quitman Caldera (size: 15 x 10 km), Quitman Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas; 36 Ma; 300 cubic kilometres (72 cu mi) of Square Peak Volcanics.^[8][24]
• Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.2 Ma ±0.6; 300 cubic kilometres (72 cu mi) of Mafic lavas.^[8][54]
• Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.33 Ma ±0.13; 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) of tephra (Paisano Volcano).^[8][54]
• Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.51 Ma ±0.05; 210 cubic kilometres (50 cu mi) of Adobe Canyon and Limpia Formations.^[8][54]
• Davis Mountains (fissures), Texas; 36.82 Ma ±0.08; 1,250 cubic kilometres (300 cu mi) of Flood rhyolites, rhyolite domes, and Gomez Tuff.^[8][54]
• Muir Caldera (size: 26 x 18 km wide), Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 37 Ma; 300 cubic kilometres (72 cu mi) of Woodhaul Canyon tephra.^[8][24][55]
• Infernito Caldera (size: 12 km wide), Trans-Pecos, Texas; 37.5 Ma ±0.5; 70 to 100 cubic kilometers (17 to 24 cu mi) of Buckshot Tuff.^[8][24]
• Thomas Caldera (size: 16 x 25 km wide), Delta, Utah; 39 Ma; 400 cubic kilometres (96 cu mi) of Mount Laird Tuff.^[8][24]
• Twin Peaks Caldera (size: 20 km), Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 45 Ma, 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Challis Creek Tuff.^[8][56]
• Van Horn cauldron complex (size: 34 x 48 km), Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 46 Ma ±0.6; unknown amount of Elis Creek Tuff.^[8][57]
• Silver Bell Caldera (size: 8 km wide), Arizona; 55.8 Ma; unknown amount of Mount Laird Tuff.^[8][58]
• Silver Bell Caldera (size: 8 km wide), Arizona; 68 Ma; 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) of Lithic Tuff.^[8][24]
• Tucson Mountain Caldera (size: 25 km wide), Tucson Mountains, Arizona; 73 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Cat Mountain Tuff.^[8][28][59]